Q.90 List the process maturity levels in SEIs CMM.
Ans.
The
process maturity levels in SEIs CMM are:
Level
1: Initial: Few processes are defined and
individual efforts are taken.
Level
2: Repeatable: To track cost schedule and
functionality basis project management processes are established.
Level
3: Defined:
The process is standardized, documented and followed.
Level
4: Managed:
Both the software process and product are quantitatively understood and
controlled using detailed measures.
Level
5: Optimizing: Establish mechanisms to plan and
implement change.
Q.91 What does Verification represent?
Ans.
Verification
represents that set of activities that are carried out to confirm that the
software correctly implements the specific functionality.
Q.92 What does Validation represent?
Ans.
Validation
represents the set of activities that ensure that the software that has been
built is satisfying the customer’s requirements.
Q.93 What is the use of CMM?
Ans.
Software
Quality means Conformance to explicitly stated functional and performance
requirements, explicitly documented development standards, Implicit
characteristics expected for professionally developed software.
Q.94 Distinguish between verification and
validation.
Ø Ans. Verification
refers to the set of activities that ensure that software correctly implements
a specific function.
Ø Validation
refers to a different set of activities that ensure that the software that has
been built is traceable to the customer requirements. According to Boehm,
Ø Verification:
Are we building the product right?
Ø Validation:
Are we building the right product?
Q.95 What are the conditions that exists after
performing validation testing?
Ans.
After performing the validation
testing their exists two conditions:
Ø The
function or performance characteristics are according to the specifications and
are accepted.
Ø The
requirement specifications are derived and the deficiency list is created. The
deficiencies then can be resolved by establishing the proper communication with
the customer.
Q.96 Explain the Capability Maturity Model.
Ans.
CMM model strives to achieve
predictability and consistency as a precursor to continuous improvements by
following a set of process in a well defined framework.
·
Level 1 is Initial
Level
·
Level 2 is repeatable
which helps in achieving repeatability of performance and quality should the
organizations undertake a similar project again.
·
Level 3 is defined
level.
·
Level four is
measured level.
·
Level 5 is optimistic
level, here people always work towards a target.
Q.97 Name any two process models.
Ans.
The
ISO-9001 Model.
The
capability maturity model.
Q.98 Define Quality.
Ans.
Quality
is about transforming as many of the implied requirements of the customer into
stated requirements and meeting all the stated requirements.
Q.99 What is Quality control?
Ans.
Quality
control refers to testing a product after a given phase to find out if it has
any defects.
Q.100 Define Quality Assurance.
Ans.
Quality
Assurance focuses on prevention of defects from the very start, and it is
pro-active.
Q.101 What are the five major areas of SQA?
Ans.
Requirements
fidelity. Process compliance, change control minimizing the gap between defect
injection and detection, and product quality.
Q.102 Name some tools of software quality assurance?
Ans.
Inspection
and review, Audits, Cross SQAs information sharing, Defect classification and
Analysis tools.
Q.103.What
is meant by Cardinality and Modality?
Ans. Cardinality:
The number of
occurrence of one object related to the number occurrence of another object is
called Cardinality. Cardinality is of following types-
•
One to One [1: 1] • One
to Many [1: N]
• Many to Many [M : N]
Modality: Means whether or not a particular
Data Object must participate in the relationship.
Q.104.
What is System Modeling?
Ans. System Modeling defines the important element in
System Engineering Process.
• It defines
Process in each view to be constructed
• It represents
Behavior of the Process
• It explicitly
defines exogenous and endogenous inputs.
Q.105. List out the Factors of Data
Modeling?
Ans. Factors of Data Modeling are:
• Data Objects • Data Attributes
• Relationship • Cardinality and Modality.
Q.106. What are the Selection
Characteristic for Classes?
Ans. Selection Characteristic for
Classes are:
• Retained
Information • Needed Services
• Multiple
Attribute • Common
Attribute
• Common
Operations • Essential
Requirements.
Q.107.
Define the terms in Software Designing:
(a)
Abstraction (b) Modularity
Ans. (a)
Abstraction is of two levels:
1. Highest Level: Solution is stated in broad
term using language of problem environment.
2. Lower Level: More detailed description of
solution is provided.
(b)
Modularity:
• Software is divided into separately named
and addressable components, called Modules that are integrated to satisfy
problem requirements.
Q.108.
How the Architecture Design can be represented?
Ans. Architectural Design can be represented by one or
more different models. They are:
1. Structural
Models 2. Framework Models
3. Dynamic
Models 4. Process Models.
Q.109.
What is the advantage of Information Hiding?
Ans. Advantage of
Information Hiding is that during testing and maintenance phase if changes are required
then they are done in particular module without affecting other module.
Q.110.
What types of Classes does the designer create?
Ans.
The designer create the following types of classes
• User
interface Classes • Business Domain
Classes
• Process
Classes • Persistent
Classes
• System
Classes.
Q.111.
What is Coupling?
Ans. Coupling
is the quantitative measure of degree to which classes are connected to one
another. Coupling should be kept as low as possible.
Q.112.
What is Cohesion?
Ans. Cohesion
is the indication of relative functional strength of a module. It is natural
extension of Information Hiding and Performs a single task, requiring little
integration with other components.
Q.113.
Define Refactoring.
Ans. Refactoring means changing software system in the
way that does not alter external behavior of code.
Q.
114. What are the five types of Design Classes?
Ans. Five Types of Design Classes are:
• User
Interface Classes •
Business Domain Classes
• Process
Classes Persistent • Classes
System Classes.
Q.115.
What are the different types of Design Model?
Ans. Different types of Design Model are:
·
Process
Dimension: Indicate evolution of Design model as design tasks executed as part
of software process.
·
Abstraction
Dimension: Represent level of detail as each element of analysis model is
transformed into design equivalent.
Q.
116. List out the different elements of Design Model?
Ans.
Different Elements of Design Model are:
• Data Design
Elements • Architectural Design
Elements
• Interface
Design Elements
• Component
Level Design Elements
• Deployment
Level Design Elements.
Q.117. What types of Design Patterns
are available for the software Engineer?
Ans. Types of Design Patterns are:
•
Architectural patterns • Design Patterns
• Idioms.
Q.118.
What is the Objective of Architectural Design?
Ans. Objective
of Architectural Design is to model overall software structure by representing
component interfaces, dependencies and relationships and interactions.
Q.
119. What are the different types of Cohesion?
Ans. Different Types of Cohesion are:
• Functional • Layer
•
Communicational • Sequential
• Procedural • Temporal
• Utility.
Q.
120. What are the different types of Coupling?
Ans. Different Types of Coupling are:
• Content
Coupling • Common Coupling
• Control
Coupling • Stamp Coupling
• Data
Coupling • Routine Call
Coupling
• Type Use
Coupling • Inclusion or Import
Coupling
• External
Coupling.
Q.
121. What is Program Design Language [PDL]?
Ans. Program Design Language [PDL] is also called
Structured English or Pseudocode. PDL is a language that uses the vocabulary of
one language and overall syntax another.
Q.122.
Define Data Objects.
Ans.
Data Objects are:
·
External
entity, occurrence or event, role, organizational unit, place or structure
·
•
Encapsulates Data only.
Q.123.
What is the need for modularity?
Ans. Need for modularity is as it is easier to solve a
complex problem. We can achieve reusability too. Best effort and complexity
reduces.
Q.124. What are the five criteria that
are used in modularity?
Ans. The five criteria that are used in modularity
are:
• Modular
Decomposability • Modular Composability
• Modular
Understandability • Modular
Continuity
• Modular
Protection.
Q.125.
What is Software Architecture?
Ans. Software
Architecture means the overall structure of the software and the ways in which
that software provides conceptual integrity for the system.
Q.126. What
are the models used for Architectural design?
Ans. The models used for Architectural design are:
• Structural
models • Framework models
• Dynamic
models • Process models
• Functional
models
Q.127.
List the coupling factors.
Ans.
Coupling factors are:
• Interface
complexity between modules.
• Reference to
the module the data pass across the interface.
Q.128.
Define Stamp coupling.
Ans. When a portion of the data structure is passed via
the module interface, then it is called as stamp coupling.
Q.129.
Define common coupling.
Ans. When a number of modules reference a global data
area, then the coupling is called common coupling.
Q.130.
Define temporal cohesion.
Ans. When a module contains tasks that are related by
the fact that all must be execute within the same span of time, then it is
termed as temporal cohesion.
Q.130.
What do you mean by common coupling?
Ans. When a number of modules reference a global data
area, then the coupling is called common coupling.
Q.131.Compare Data Flow Oriented
Design with data structure oriented designs.
Ans. Data flow
oriented design: Used to represent a system or software at any level of
abstraction.
Data
Structure oriented design: It
is used for representing information hierarchy using the three constructs for
sequence, selection and repetition.
Q.132. Define Architectural Design and
Data Design.
Ans. Architectural Design means to develop a modular
program structure and represent the relationships between modules.
Data Design means to
select the logical representations of data objects, data storage and the
concepts of information hiding and data abstraction.
Q.133. Explain the types of coupling
and cohesion.
Ans. Coupling is the measure of the relative
interdependence among modules.
Types : Data coupling, Stamp coupling,
Control coupling, External coupling, Common coupling, Content coupling.
Cohesion is the
measure of the relative function strength of a module.
Types : Coincidentally cohesive, Logically
cohesive, Temporal cohesion, Procedural cohesion, Communicational cohesion,
High cohesion, Sequential cohesion.
Q.134. What is data modeling?
Ans. Data modeling is the basic step in the analysis
modeling. In data modeling the data objects are examined independently of
processing. The data model represents how data are related with one another.
Q.135. What is a data object?
Ans. Data object is a collection of attributes that
act as an aspect, characteristic, quality, or descriptor of the object.
Q.136. What are attributes?
Ans. Attributes are the one, which defines the
properties of data object.
Q.137. What is cardinality in data
modeling?
Ans. Cardinality in data modeling specifies how the
number of occurrences of one object is related to the number of occurrences of
another object.
Q.138. What does modality in data
modeling indicates?
Ans. Modality indicates whether or not a particular
data object must participate in the relationship.
Q.139. Define design process.
Ans. Design process is a sequence of steps carried
through which the requirements are translated into a system or software model.
Q.140. List the principles of a
software design.
Ans. The principle of a software design includes:
i.)
The
design process should not suffer from “tunnel vision”.
ii.)
The
design should be traceable to the analysis model.
iii.)
The
design should exhibit uniformity and integration.
iv.)
Design
is not coding.
v.)
The
design should not reinvent the wheel.
Q.141.
What is the benefit of modular design?
Ans. Changes made during testing and maintenance
becomes manageable and they do not affect other modules.
Q.142.
What is a cohesive module?
Ans. A cohesive module performs only “one task” in
software procedure with little interaction with other modules. In other words
cohesive module performs only one thing.
Q.143. What are the different types of
Cohesion?
Ans. Different types of cohesion are
(i)
Coincidentally Cohesive : The modules in which the set of tasks
are related with each other loosely then such modules are called coincidentally
cohesive.
(ii)
Logically Cohesive : A module that performs the tasks that
are logically related with each other is called logically cohesive.
(iii)
Temporal Cohesion : The module in which the tasks need to
be executed in some specific time span is called temporal cohesive.
(iv)
Procedural Cohesion : When processing elements of a module are
related with one another and must be executed in some specific order then such
module is called procedural cohesive.
(v)
Communicational cohesion : When the processing elements of a
module share the data then such module is called communicational cohesive.
Q.144.
What is Coupling?
Ans. Coupling is the measure of interconnection among
modules in a program structure. It depends on the interface complexity between
modules.
Q.145. What are the various types of
coupling?
Ans. Various types of coupling are:
(i)
Data
Coupling : The data coupling is possible by parameter passing or data
interaction.
(ii)
Control Coupling : The modules share related
control data in control coupling.
(iii)
Common Coupling : The common data or a global
data is shared among modules.
(iv)
Content
Coupling: Content coupling occurs when one module makes use of data or control
information maintained in another module.
Q.146. What are the common activities
in design process?
Ans. The common activities in design process are:
(i)
System structuring: The system is subdivided into
principle sub-systems components and communications between these sub-systems
are identified.
(ii)
Control modeling: A model of control relationships
between different parts of the system is established.
(iii)
Modular decomposition : The identified subsystems are
decomposed into modules.
Q.147.
What are the various elements of data design?
Ans. The various elements of data design
are:
(i)
Data object: The data objects are identified and
relationship among various data objects can be represented using ERD or data
dictionaries.
(ii)
Data
warehouses: At the business level useful information is identified from various
databases and data warehouse are created.
Q.148
List the guideline for data design.
Ans.
The guidelines for
data design are.
(i)
Apply systematic
analysis on data.
(ii)
Identify data
structures and related operation.
(iii)
Establish data
dictionary
(iv)
Use information
hiding in the design of data structure
(v)
Apply a library of
useful data structures and operations.
Q.149
What is the Objective of the project Planning Process?
Ans. Objective of the Project Planning Process is to
provide framework that enable manager to make reasonable estimates of
resources, cost and schedule.
Q.150 What are the Decomposition
Techniques?
Ans. Decomposition Techniques are:
• Software
Sizing •
Problem — Based Estimation
• Process —
Based Estimation • Estimation with
Use Cases.
• Reconciling
Estimates.
Comments
Post a Comment